Censorship Essay - 876 Words

Censorship is defined as the act or practice of removing obscene, vulgar, and highly objectionable material from things we encounter every day. Whether it is on TV, in music, books, or on the Internet censorship is an inescapable part of our lives. Free expression is one of the basic roots that are country is based on, although this right is constantly challenged and contested. The Communications Decency Act was passed by congress on February 1st 1996. This act sent shockwaves throughout the Internet community. The Communications Decency Act of 1996 was an outright attempt to censor another form of media believed to initiate the transmission of, any comment, request, suggestion, proposal, image, or other communication which is†¦show more content†¦Internet users would now have to limit all language used in online discussions accessible to minors just in case a minor signs onto the discussion. So the bottom line is that any person who crosses the so-called line of indecency will be subject to a two-year prison sentence and substantial fines. There is no question that the internet has had a tremendous impact on todays society. The internet was first invented in the early 1960s with the intention of enhancing the computers used by our nations military. This first form of internet was named Arpanet and was successfully established in the 1970. In its early stages Arpanet could only be seen at military bases and a few college campuses. As time went on many private companies began to show interest in the internet as its popularity was steadily growing. The number of host computers which store information and relay communications to internet users went from 23 hosts in 1971 to 10 million hosts in 1996. Today approximately 200 million people in over 150 countries are connected to the internet. As a new generation grows up as accustomed to communicating through a keyboard, life on the Internet will become an increasingly important part of life on Earth.2 President Clinton signed the Communications Decency Act on February, 8th 1996 sparking a great debate over the constitutionality of the act. After the act was passed, 20 companies joined together in a lawsuit against the AttorneyShow MoreRelatedCensorship : Censorship And Censorship Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesIn the modern sense, political correctness has become a form of censorship. With protestors forcing students to find alternate routes to school or pushing the administration to cancel guest speakers in fear of triggering students, the modern-day university is no longer a place of free, critical, thinking, but a place of censorship. Political correctness (is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended primarily not to offend or disadvantage any group of people in society. InRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of Music1544 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s music, otherwise known as, censorships. A crisis has emerged concerning the issue of censorship. This argument consists of two possible stances: one, supporting the continuation of censorship, and two, eliminating the status quo of censorships in the music industry. There have been countless debates and arguments regarding the issues of censorship ever since the U.S. Congress passed the Radio Act in 1927 (The History). The time has arrived for censorship to be brought to an end. The governmentRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet985 Words   |  4 Pagestruth.. This influenced freedom of the press rights and embracing those rights to the constitution (Linder). Recently the issue of Censorship of the Internet in America has become a trending topic. The internet has been commonly censored to comply with the Digital Millennium Rights Act, but in recent times our government has been requesting more aggressive censorship in order to provide a safer cyberspace. If the American government began to censor the internet, the restriction will result in suppressionRead MoreT he Censorship Of Internet Censorship3057 Words   |  13 Pages Internet Censorship Student’s Name: Institution Name: Internet Censorship Internet censorship refers to the suppression and control of what people can access, publish, or view on the cyberspace (Reynolds, 2014). It may be done by regimes or private firms at the command of the government. It can be a government’s initiative is or carried out by regulators. Organizations and individuals may practice self-censorship for religious, business or moral reasons to comply with societal normsRead MoreCensorship And Censorship Of The Internet1754 Words   |  8 PagesCensorship of the Internet is on the rise in highly populated states today. Although the Internet is considered as one of the most significant tools for the public sphere, many users have decried the Internet’s benefits and seen the Internet as a ‘double-edged sword’. Even as the Internet connects most of the world and gives valuable access to information, the same tool allows access to material that may be considered dangerous or harmful. The recent increase in discussion on the act of censorshipRead MoreThe Importance Of Censorship1640 Words   |  7 PagesHow is Censorship Beneficial? How is censorship used? Is it good or was it bad? Censorship is a good thing because people do not want kids looking at bad pictures. Censorship stops them from seeing that because it makes it to where there are books being banned and movies being rated. Also, censorship allows the government to control and limit exposure to several different types of things. Censorship is well known and was even used in the past. Censorship should be allowed in schools to prevent kidsRead MoreCensorship Essay1325 Words   |  6 PagesCensorship â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press, or the right to petition the government for a redress of government.†(Ravitch, 118) As stated in the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the people of this nation have the right to exercise their beliefs out loud, or in writing. With this in mind, does the government have the right to undermine the foundation of our nation, and censor what we readRead More The Censorship Debate795 Words   |  4 Pages The Censorship Debate nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Do words such as nigger, bitch, or ass offend you?nbsp; The answer may seem clear cut, but our nation has been struggling with the issue of censorship almost since its conception.nbsp; To many, the aforementioned words are a part of their everyday vocabulary; to others, they are vulgar and unacceptable.nbsp; The issue of censorship is much more than just words.nbsp; There have been huge controversies over the negative ideas andRead More Censorship Essay1002 Words   |  5 PagesCensorship The Columbia Encyclopedia defines censorship as the official prohibition or restriction of any type of expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order. It is necessarily broad definition. Any type of expression in fact, covers just about everything from clothing to print to movements and even to simply being. George Bernard Shaw described assassination as an extreme form of censorship. It is now omnipresent in society and has been as long as society has existedRead MoreCensorship in the Media1115 Words   |  5 PagesIs Censorship necessary? â€Å"Once a government is committed to the principle of silencing the voice of opposition, it has only one way to go, and that is down the path of increasingly repressive measures, until it becomes a source of terror to all its citizens and creates a country where everyone lives in fear. -- Harry S Truman Thesis: Although some people believe that censorship is adequate to select what things does the society will be good and can live around it while others believe that there

Impact Of Gender Discrimination On Sports - 1446 Words

GENDER DISCRIMINATION IN SPORTS Brooke Lynn Paige Smith Oklahoma State University-Stillwater December 5, 2014 For decades discrimination in sports has been a big issue, especially gender discrimination. Women have been down graded and stereotyped as weak in athletics because men are generally the more entertaining to watch because of their physicality and they seem more determined and motivated to achieve in their sport, but what people should realize is women are just as athletic as men and deserve an equal opportunity for life chances. The discrimination got better in 1972 when the law â€Å"Title IX† came about, which stated Nobody in the United States will, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be deprived of the benefits of, or be exposed to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving federal financial help. This has produced debates all over the world because some disagree with the equality it is trying to create. Women have had a hard time getting into college athletics in the past let alone professional sports, so when Title IX came up women in particular were very appreciative. Nina Compton discusses the law and how it changed in college sports and stated, â€Å"College campuses all over the world have seen athletic departments add women s sport programs and cut men s programs in order to remain compliant under the Act† (Compton 11). While many may think this was fair other believe that men shouldn’t be cut from sportsShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Women In Sports1541 Words   |  7 Pagesforce or even in sports. Title IX, an act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972, said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discriminate to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex (Senne 1). This act was a step towards improving female participation and lessening discrimination, but the stereotypes that most of society believes in still exist. This is one of the main reasons why women are discriminated when it comes to sports; by limitedRead MoreSocial Media As Forms Of Electronic Communication1372 Words   |  6 PagesConsequences could arise from the current and future impact on their reputation. I conducted interviews using a list of predetermined questions to gather an understanding of Title IX from the athletes’ perspective. These questions are formulated to prick the mind of the athlete to see of their perspective of the impact of Title IX is positive and/or negative. The answers of the questions were designed to gather information to show the impact of their beliefs about Title IX. In addition, my researchRead MoreGender Identity And Its Effect On Society1464 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough gender identity is an ascribed status one given at birth , society shapes that identity through socialization. In the process of learning traits and activities that are desirable and correct individuals internalize approved sex role behavior as a real part of themselves. (pg.500, Parrillo).The female, in the world of sport earns the achieved status but then through society and Social Conditioning falls into the role of being in the ascribed status. SocioHistorical Perspective In 1896Read MoreWomen Discrimination In Sports1572 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination in Women Sports Women have always been the minority in today’s world whether that’s in the work force or even in sports. Title IX a act that was made by the United States Congress in 1972 that said that no one should be denied to play, receive financial aid, or discrimination to any education program or activity that pertains to only one sex. (Senne 1) This act was a step towards more female participation and less discrimination, but those stereotypes most of society believes in stillRead MoreIs Sports A Good Thing? Essay1148 Words   |  5 Pagesinferred that sports is a social construct in which supporters acknowledge athletes for their talent and skill. As athletes are identified on the basis of membership of their sport and team, we as the general public, rarely acknowledge them as individuals. Rather, we decide when to individuate them –praising them when they shine a little a brighter than the rest, and when to chastise them because they went against the grain. When discu ssing the LGBTQ community and their involvement in sports, many thoughtsRead MoreGender Inequality : Women And Women1242 Words   |  5 PagesGender Inequality There are hundreds and thousands of athletes all around the world but the main problem in the athlete world is gender inequality, women are not shown equal as men. They are discriminated in many ways such as pay, employment opportunities, value of women s sport, media coverage etc. Despite the federal law passed called Title IX that â€Å"No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discriminationRead MoreGender Inequality And The Social Construction Of Gender1562 Words   |  7 Pagesof gender, race, class, and sexuality have led to discrimination and inequality of those classified under a variety of these categories. Through understanding the significance of these social constructs on society it becomes apparent the intersectionality they have when it comes to understanding why certain groups may face discrimination or inequality. This paper examines gender inequality and how the social construction of gender makes it difficult for the pursuit of equality amongst genders. GenderRead MoreGender Based Pay And Promotion Discrimination1104 Words   |  5 PagesAlvarez and Moser explore the claims of gender-based pay and promotion discrimination that is fast emerging as the latest challenge for employers seeking to reduce litigation risks. These claims are from recent jury verdicts, pending legislation in Congress, and headline-grabbing court decisions. These court decisions and legislative initiatives raise the specter of a flood of class claims against employers for pay and promotion discrimination. I will use this source for ground for my argument. ItRead MoreTitle IX of the Education Amendments of 1972722 Words   |  3 PagesMultiple sports currently played by both men and women have had a tremendous impact by Title IX.Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 simply bans gender discrimination allowing equal participation by males and females in any sport of their choice (Cummings 182). Through this portion of the Education Amendments of 1972, wo men have gained more playing opportunities and caused athletic departments to expand. Permitting women to participate in sports, provides many benefits to sports teams participationRead MoreThe Importance Of Equal Pay, Rights And Opportunity For Women Involved With Sports1629 Words   |  7 PagesThis podcast will distinguish the stiffening number of the lack of equal pay, rights and opportunity for women involved with sports. This topic was selected because this is evident based on the staggering numbers of women performing and displaying either equal or more in terms of success, achievement or work load and still are behind when comparing salaries between men and women. Hopefully, this podcast will shine some light on this subject and bring awareness. Based on prior research conducted

Practical Life Exercises and Child Development Free Essays

If you were to ask Montessori teachers which part of â€Å"curriculum† is the most important, my guess is most teachers would say Practical Life. Practical Life is the foundation for everything that follows in a Montessori classroom. It is also the one area of the classroom that does not require special materials and tools (other than adjustments for size). We will write a custom essay sample on Practical Life Exercises and Child Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now The materials used are the easily found in your own home, because the activities are the very same ones we partake in every day in our homes– things like sweeping, washing dishes, folding laundry, combing our hair, getting dressed.Children already want to do these things when they see adults doing them– they want to be part of our world, they want to feel grown up and important. We then simply alter the materials and environment so it suits their smaller size, and let them go to work! The genius of the Practical Life exercises is two-fold: You are teaching the child how to care for himself and his environment, thus giving him independence (doesn’t have to rely on an adult to tie his shoelaces or comb his hair) and a sense of pride at being able to do these things all by himself.The exercises are practice for the child’s fine and gross motor skills, allowing him to become better coordinated and learn how better to control and use his own body. This is an i ndirect preparation for later, more complex exercises and activities that require fine motor control and concentration. Practical Life exercises teach children to care for themselves, for others, and for the environment. They involve a wide variety of activities such as carrying objects, walking, polishing, sweeping, dusting, lacing, mainly activities that are done in day to day living.It is divided into four major areas namely: movement, care of self, care of environment, and grace and courtesy. These activities are Montessori’s response to the child’s need for movement, order, independence, among many others; they are basic activities that enable the child to explore his environment and eventually make him one with it. Through practical life exercises, he learns to refine his movements, becomes conscious of his body and of what his body can do. He learns how to move and act in a socially accepted manner, thus helping him in his task of adaptation.He learns the ways of social living and becomes comfortable and confident in his society. Children are naturally interested in activities they have witnessed. Therefore, Dr. Montessori began using what she called â€Å"Practical Life Exercises† to allow the child to do activities of daily life and therefore adapt and orientate himself in his society. Practical Life helps children to develop many skills including order, concentration, coordination and independence. Order – All practical life activities help the child develop a sense of order – some more than others.For example, sorting activities will help the child develop his sense of order as he learns to organize the materials into groups. Other activities like transferring or spooning will enable the child to develop order by repetition of the exercise and analyzing the steps to get one material or liquid from one container to another. Concentration – The transferring and spooning exercise requires the child to concentrate as he empties one container ensuring that there are no more beans or liquids left. The preliminary activities tend to be with materials that are larger and with fewer steps.As the child is successful with the preliminary exercise he will move on to do more detailed and lengthy practical life activites. Montessori believed strongly in having an isolation of difficulty in her activities. This way children would not be distracted by external stimuli which might disrupt their learning process. By incorporating an isolation of difficulty the child will have better success in concentration of the task at hand. Coordination – All of the exercises will help the child with coordination. Transferring requires that a child learn how to hold a spoon or pour from one container to the next. The cutting exercises will enable the child to master control of her hand movements in order to successfully cut a piece of paper. Walking the line will help the child to learn how to coordinate his own movements as he puts one foot carefully in front of the other. The child’s coordination is challenged further when holding a bell or a container full of water to make sure that the ball does not sound or the water does not spill while walking. Independence – Practical life exercises are designed to aid the child in developing a feeling of independence and success.The materials range in difficulty and as the child works from the simpler activities to the more difficult ones he will feels a sense of accomplishment and confidence. â€Å"If teaching is to be effective with young children, it must assist them to advance on the way of independence.. . We must help them to learn how to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselves, to express their needs in a way that is clearly understood, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their own efforts.All this is part of an education for independence. † (Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, pg. 57) During the child’s sensitive period between birth and 6, the child is constructing the inner building blocks of his person. It is therefore important for the child to participate in activities to prepare him for his environment, that allow him to grow independently and use his motor skills, as well as allow the child to analyze difficulties he may have in the exercise and problem solve successfully.Montessori also saw the child’s need for order, repetition, and succession in movements. Practical Life Exercises also helps to aid the child to develop his coordination in movement, his balance and his gracefulness in his environment as well as his need to develop the power of being silent. The Practical Life exercises act as a link between the home environment and school. It is in this area of the classroom that the child learns self-care, care for their surroundings, control of movement, and development of social skills.Every material holds a concrete concept and allows the child to see that there is a process and order to everything in the room. Many children at this age have the common phrase â€Å"I can do it by myself! † The Practical Life area gives the child the skills they need (such as zipping their coat, cutting an apple, sweeping up messes, etc. ) to be independent. These exercises also teach the child to complete a task following a step-by-step procedure. This sequential ordering of tasks prepares him for the logical task that awaits him in mathematics.Likewise, activities in these areas are presented in isolation in order to help the child focus his attention only on a particular task. Practical life exercises also gives them a feeling of accomplishment. Simple things like cleaning/dusting a table, folding napkins, washing hands by themselfes; just doing things by themselves is very fulfilling. Exercises of practical life fixes the wandering mind of a child. Movement is the secret of holding child’s attention. The child’s attention cannot be captured by a colour or by words alone. A series of movements revolving around these objects is the best way to bring their attention to it. Education of a child is thus tied up to his movements. Full body locomotion is the key to achieve complete concentration. SENSORIAL ACTIVITIES : The next area in the Montessori classroom is Sensorial. Children live in a world of senses and everything in their environment comes to them through their senses. Through sight, touch, sound, taste, and smell, the sensorial materials enable the children to clarify, classify and comprehend their world.This area of the classroom acts as a bridge between Practical Life and academics. While the materials in the sensorial area are concrete materials, they hold more abstract concepts that really prepare them for the more abstract learning that takes place in Math, Language, and Culture. For example – tracing a sandpaper letter, â€Å"a†, with her finger, a child not only sounds out the symbol â€Å"a†, but also feels it. This is indirectly preparing the child for both reading and writing. Sensorial Materials provide â€Å"training of the senses†. They teach children bout color, shape, sound, dimension, surface, texture, weight, temperature and form. It is through contact and exploration of the environment that the child acquires his store of knowledge and ideas that are necessary for his functioning in society. He has a need to touch, to explore and manipulate. He acquires this mass of ideas, impressions and information and needs to establish a certain order from this chaos; to categorize, classify and catalogue all this information. The sensorial materials provide the child an opportunity to rediscover his environment in a more precise and organized manner.The exercises will not improve the senses but rather refine their use. Sensorial materials serve as aids to a child’s development. The training of the senses provides a solid foundation for intellectual training. A more accurate and refined perception of the environment certainly helps the child adapt better to his environment. The sensorial materials then are important tools to the education of the child. The purpose and aim of Sensorial work is for the child to acquire clear, conscious, information and to be able to then make classifications in his environment.Montessori believed that sensorial experiences began at birth. Through his senses, the child studies his environment. Through this study, the child then begins to understand his environment. The child, to Montessori, is a â€Å"sensorial explorer†. Through work with the sensorial materials, the child is given the keys to classifying the things around him, which leads to the child making his own experiences in his environment. Through the classification, the child is also offered the first steps in organizing his intelligence, which then leads to his adapting to his environment. 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Advanced Care planning & Palliative Care-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Write an essay on Advanced Care planning and Palliative Care. Answer: With the advancement of age, diseases and disorders become all the more rampant in the elderly population that further necessitates the requirement to resort to definite healthcare interventions to combat the situation. In this context, advanced care planning (ACP) plays a pivotal role by virtue of which measures in keeping with the patients goals, beliefs, values and preferences are maintained to promote healthcare even in the absence of the lack of communication of the patient to take decisions. Thus, satisfaction of both the client as well as the family members may be achieved through ACP and has gained prominence in the end of life care facilities when the patient is incapable of deciding for themselves (Mullick, Martin Sallnow, 2013). Palliative care directed to treatment for terminally ill patients through a multidisciplinary approach often resorts to ACP for guiding effective patient care through a more integrative and clear infrastructural framework (Imam et al., 2016). Howe ver, it is imperative to maintain ethical virtues for achieving optimal outcomes that favors the use of ACP for palliative care. Matter related to ACP calls for great attention and sensitivity from the healthcare staff associated as their actions directly affect the decision making process while strategizing therapeutic interventions for the patient. Cooperation of the healthcare personnel, care workers, family members and the patient is indispensable in this regard to offer holistic solutions to the patient. Abidance by the ACP in end-of-life care is crucial to respect for and acting in conformity with the patients preferences so that there occurs no breach in autonomy of the patient (Stevenson ODonnell, 2015). In case of patients afflicted by life threatening diseases such as cancer, heart failure and other debilitating neurological disorders are likely to be represents restriction in their activities of daily living whereby ACP becomes even more relevant and suitable for application. Lack of decisiveness on the patients part in such situations accentuates the urgency for taking measures consistent with the ACP. Information about the prognosis for uncertainty in the setting must be provided through active engagement of the patient in discussion surrounding goals and values. For fostering further care provision review and recommendations have been suggested. A consensus must be reached to drive positive changes for patient care (Brinkman-Stoppelenburg, Rietjens van der Heide, 2014). Thus, it is important to maintain the ethical and legal guidelines for harboring best possible outcomes for patient having ACP. Growing volumes of data in the recent times have provided insights on the issue related to ageing and the associated health problems that arise parallel to the process of advancing age in the geriatric population. Introduction of ACP has paved the way for fostering better healthcare service for persons in palliative care but requires complex and multifaceted approach involving participation of healthcare professionals, patients, caregivers under the framework of legislature and healthcare system (Lovell Yates, 2014). Hence, following of suitable strategies is vital to provide adequate resources and opportunities for patients to ensure quicker recovery through comprehensive, pertinent interventions. References Brinkman-Stoppelenburg, A., Rietjens, J. A., van der Heide, A. (2014). The effects of advance care planning on end-of-life care: a systematic review.Palliative medicine,28(8), 1000-1025. Imam, T., Jones, T., Afolayan, S., Raje, S. (2016). Advanced care planning in the elderly, are we doing it?.Clinical Medicine,16(Suppl 3), s19-s19. Lovell, A., Yates, P. (2014). Advance care planning in palliative care: a systematic literature review of the contextual factors influencing its uptake 20082012.Palliative medicine,28(8), 1026-1035. Mullick, A., Martin, J., Sallnow, L. (2013). An introduction to advance care planning in practice.Bmj,347, f6064. Stevenson, L. W., ODonnell, A. (2015). Advanced Care Planning

Indoor Air Quality in Schools

Table of Contents Introduction Causes of poor indoor air quality Rate of schools with poor indoor air quality Health effects Addressing the problem Conclusion Reference List Introduction Indoor air quality in schools has a significant effect on students’ health. Schools offer a key indoor environment for students away or besides their home environment since they spend over ten hours per day at school. Since students spend many hours in schools, the issue of indoor air quality is of great significance and it should be handled with care (Daisey et al., 2003).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Indoor Air Quality in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indoor air pollution might lead to students suffering from long and short-term health complications. Besides, it might degrade the learning environment and affect the students’ performance. A research proved that â€Å"poor indoor air quality contr ibutes to asthma attacks, absenteeism, and more illness† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.419). Researches done in the United States proved that good indoor air quality influences the trend of school attendance among the students. Indeed majority of the students suffer from respiratory diseases, skin and eye irritation, fatigue, sneezing, coughing, and nausea due to poor indoor air quality (Daisey et al., 2003). This paper will focus on poor indoor air quality in schools in the United States, its causes as well as the health problems associated with poor indoor air quality. Causes of poor indoor air quality Many factors contribute to poor indoor air quality. The factors include â€Å"poor ventilation, availability of contaminant sources like building materials, indoor temperature and humidity, and maintenance activities†¦the contaminants may range from particles, formaldehyde, radon, bacteria, fungi, to nitrogen oxides† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.419). At times, the level of c ontaminants in indoors increases relative to the concentration outdoors. The concentration of contaminants in the indoor air may lead to the occupants experiencing a range of health symptoms and discomfort. Daisey et al. (2003) posit, â€Å"It is hard to identify the cause of discomfort due to the presence of both indoor contaminants and other indoor environmental factors† (p.62). Generally, water damage and heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are the major causes of poor indoor air quality. Malfunctioning HVAC systems lead to accumulation of carbon dioxide and indoor air pollutants in classes subjecting the students to health problems.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More HVAC systems that do not regulate the level of humidity in the buildings might lead to growth of mold and bacteria, which cause illnesses like coughing and breathing problems. Other cau ses of â€Å"poor indoor air quality include choice of the building materials, poor site selection, roof design, and improper installation among other causes† (Salleh et al., 2011, p.420). The site where a building is located contributes to indoor air quality. Schools located in regions with high humidity are prone to growth of mold if they do not have proper heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (Godwin Batterman, 2007). Besides, building repairs also contribute to poor indoor air quality. Some school buildings are too old such that it is hard to maintain them. Such buildings suffer from water damage, leaks, and excess moisture leading to poor air quality. Rate of schools with poor indoor air quality Half of the 120,000 private and public schools in the United States have poor ventilations systems (Godwin Batterman, 2007). Consequently, the schools have poor indoor air quality. Every year, over 55 million students enroll in these schools, thus exposing them to health hazards associated with poor indoor air (Godwin Batterman, 2007). In spite of the high number of students that are at risk of suffering from poor indoor air in schools, the government has done little to come up with a health agency responsible for enforcing and regulating policies with respect to precarious air atmosphere in schools. Over six million employees work in the country’s public schools. These employees also suffer the dangers of poor indoor air quality (Mendell Heath, 2005). The majority of employees agree that the air condition in their workplaces is wanting. Nevertheless, they do not have the capacity to address the problem. A research of school nurses carried out in 2010 found that over 40 percent of the participants were aware that students and employees were suffering from poor indoor air quality. Over 75 percent of the respondents agreed that their schools did not have a team to monitor and regulate indoor air quality.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Indoor Air Quality in Schools specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Indeed, schools are doing little to marshal the resources necessary for making sure that all classrooms and other workrooms have proper ventilation systems (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). The American teachers have declared the problem of indoor air quality as one of the neglected challenges. Health effects Scholars continue to associate student performance with indoor air quality. They have found that many cases of sicknesses and absenteeism come because of poor indoor air quality. In return, they have adverse effects on the students’ performance. Some of the short-term illnesses that come because of poor indoor air quality include fatigue, poor concentration, nausea, loss of focus and impaired memory (Mendell Heath, 2005). Lack of air circulation in classrooms leads to increase in temperature. The high temperature causes discomfort and contributes to fatigue. Besides, poor circulation of fresh air in classrooms leads to the accumulation of different toxic gases like carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. These gases lead to the students suffering from nausea. Schools erect the ventilation systems to aid in diluting or getting rid of airborne contaminants. The contaminants may emanate from cleaning agents, the breath from the students, as well as from pathogens. The ventilation systems enhance the circulation of fresh air, therefore diluting the airborne contaminants, while some of the contaminants are forced out of the building together with the contaminated air (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). Moreover, the ventilation system facilitates to regulate the level of carbon dioxide in the classrooms. Research has shown that high concentration of carbon dioxide in classrooms contributes to poor performance among the students. Besides, it leads to most of the students complaining of health problems. A study on students that learn in well-ventil ated classrooms found that the students scored higher marks on a standard test relative to students that learn in poorly ventilated classrooms. Poor indoor air quality leads to accumulation of bioaerosol contaminants in classrooms. According to Seppà ¤nen et al. (1999), bioaerosol contaminants refer to â€Å"a wide variety of agents from biological sources found in indoor environments† (p.227). The contaminants include bacteria, viruses, allergens such as the house dusts, and fungi that may contain irritants, toxins, and allergens.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Poor ventilation and other building features in classrooms contribute to respiratory diseases among the students. Even though no research has come up with the measurements of airborne virus in schools, some studies have compiled reports on the airborne bacteria (Seppà ¤nen et al., 1999). House dust contains bacterial endotoxins. Poor ventilation in schools leads to concentration of dust in classes. When students inhale the dust, the bacteria present in the dust leads to the majority of them exhibiting a number of flu-like symptoms. The students also suffer from breathing problems. Other negative health effects of poor indoor air quality include respiratory diseases and asthma. Yang et al. (2009) define asthma as, â€Å"A chronic respiratory inflammation that causes the airways to constrict and leads to wheezing, breathlessness, and coughing† (p.349). The majority of absenteeism cases reported in the United States schools are due to health problems related to poor indoor air quality. Most classes in the country are poorly ventilated leading to poor indoor air quality. Today, millions of students in the United States suffer from asthma, which account for over 14 million absenteeism cases recorded every year. The Institute of Medicine identifies moisture concentration in classrooms as the major cause of asthma in majority of the schools (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). There is a substantial relationship between humid enclosed spaces and asthma attacks. Improving indoor air quality goes a long way to reduce the number of absenteeism cases associated with asthma. Dampness and molds in classrooms contribute to health problems among the students. The presence of mold in classes causes throat irritation, coughing, headaches, tiredness, and wheezing. Students with weak immune systems, or who are vulnerable to infections, are prone to suffering from health problems related to mold and humid indoor environment (Tham Zuraimi, 2010). The health dangers linked to poor indoo r air quality can be treacherous and in stern cases, fatal. Both adults and children exposed to these lethal air surroundings in schools are prone to exhibiting physical signs associated to poor indoor air quality. Nevertheless, the effect of poor indoor air quality on children’s health might be more adverse than it is to the grownups. Children have weaker health defense mechanism than the adults. Therefore, their body would not withstand the poor indoor air quality health related challenges. Addressing the problem Schools can use different strategies to address the problem of poor indoor air quality. One of the strategies is source control. Source control is an effective and inexpensive approach that works on eliminating the sources of pollution. The other strategy that schools can use is enhancing their ventilation systems. Improved ventilations would help in regulating air circulation in the rooms. Schools can also use air cleaners to improve the quality of indoor air (Yan g et al., 2009). Air cleaners help to remove air pollutants from the air leaving the rooms free of pollutants. In addition to using these strategies, schools need to conduct regular supervision of their buildings to determine if there are signs of leaks, moisture, and mold, which would ensure that the buildings are in a condition that does not support the growth of air pollutants. Conclusion Indoor air quality in schools have significant effects on students’ health, However, little is done to ensure that schools work on the quality of their indoor air. Numerous factors contribute to poor indoor air in the majority of the schools. They include poor ventilation systems, building repair, site selection, and improper installations, among others. Today, over 60,000 private and public schools in the US have inadequate indoor air quality. The schools register over 55 million students every year, hence, subjecting them to health dangers associated with poor indoor air quality. Poor i ndoor air quality leads to students suffering from asthma, fatigue, nausea, and breathing problems. In addition, presence of mold in classrooms leads to students contracting a cough, throat irritation, and feeling tired. To address these problems, schools need to work on improving their ventilation systems and controlling the major sources of air pollution. Reference List Daisey, J., Angell, W., Apte, M. (2003). Indoor air quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: An analysis of existing information. Indoor Air, 13, 53 – 64. Godwin, C., Batterman, S. (2007). Indoor air quality in Michigan schools. Indoor Air, 17(2), 109-121. Mendell, M., Heath, G. (2005). Do indoor pollutants and thermal conditions in schools influence student performance? A critical review of the literature. Indoor Air, 15, 27 – 52. Salleh, N., Kamaruzzaman, S., Sulaiman, R., Mahbob, N. (2011). â€Å"Indoor Air Quality at School: Ventilation Rates and It Impacts towards Children- A rev iew.† IPCBEE, 6, 418 – 422. Seppà ¤nen, O., Fisk, W., Mendell, M. (1999). Association of ventilation rates and CO2 concentrations with health and other responses in commercial and institutional buildings. Indoor Air, 9, 226-252. Tham, K., Zuraimi, M. (2010). Indoor air quality and its determinants in tropical child care center. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 2225-2239. Yang, W., Sohn, J., Kim, J., Son, B., Park, J. (2009). Indoor air quality investigation according to age of the school buildings in Korea. Journal of Environmental Management, 90(1), 348-354. This essay on Indoor Air Quality in Schools was written and submitted by user Tenebrous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Iraqi Antiquities essays

Iraqi Antiquities essays The well presented speech by Elizabeth Stone, titled The Cradle Will Fall: The State of Iraqs Cultural Heritage concentrated mainly on the topic of Antiquities. Through Iraqs long history concerning, Mesopotamia, Babylon, Samarra, its temples and shrines and elaborate palaces, many antiquities were found, preserved, and were treasured in Iraqs museums. While there are many laws prohibiting the trading of antiquities, it still occurs, mainly in The United States. For example, a statue of Hercules; The United States owns the top half, while Iraq has the other half. Obviously we purchased or took this item illegally but we claim there is no proof that the two halves were once whole. The main law of cultural heritage in times of war is the Hague Convention. This requires a country to protect its antiquities when they have knowledge they will be attacked, also occupying powers must protect the cultural heritage of the occupied land. Before being bombed by SCUD missiles from Iran, Iraq had the best antiquities department in the Middle East, soon after Iraq was forced to close its museums and galleries. Then the Gulf War came and Iraq was once again forced to pack up their antiquities, they were moved to regional museums and the most prized valuables were stored in vaults. The aftermath of this war led to looting of local museums; over two-thousand objects were stolen. Sanctions included the leaving of staff, and many valuables stayed in storage. By the 2003 war it was almost as if it was routine for Iraq. Looting led to the disappearance of 10,000 to 13,000 objects, many libraries and offices were destroyed, and the bank, which house the most prized valuables was bombed. Reconstruction is taking place now, furniture and electronics are being donated and stolen objects started showing up from guilty feeling looters. Italians bought many antiquities off the market and gave them back to Iraq. ...

Space tourism risk identification and analysis Essay

Space tourism risk identification and analysis - Essay Example Use the 4 categories learned for the RBS: technical, organizational, external and PM risks. Hilson (2002) defined risk breakdown structure or RBS as a source-oriented grouping of project risks that is detailed as in descending manner towards the sources of the risk. It is hierarchical in structure and provides a guideline in risk management. The usefulness of the method is: it aids in identifying risk allowing for complete coverage; allows risk assessment and categorization by source, thereby identifying dependency or correlation that results to capability in focused or generic responses; allows comparison of alternatives or options for management and investment decisions; risk reporting reduces misunderstanding as well as provides consistent information sharing from the bottom up to the highest level of the organization. Comparative Histories: Look back at other projects and if there were scope creep issues or major scheduling risks. The PERIL database (in the back of your Kendrick textbook) is a good example, but most organizations have files of project completed – or cancelled – which could be reviewed for insights and ‘lessons learned’. Decomposition Discussions: Experts who have worked on similar projects are great at ‘taking a potential project apart’. ... Calcium is a metal in the structure of bones necessary for biochemical mechanisms that contract muscles. Crystals growing in urine rich in the right chemicals block the kidneys or the bladder (NASA, 1998). Protein loss was also noted where 45 % decrease in protein synthesis occurred as compared to a 15 to 20 % decrease expected from bed rest studies (NASA, 1998). Forecasting: Often used in the financial arena, there are many methods such as extrapolation, causal forecasts, etc. These projections always will have limitations: they depend on the quality of the historical data available, and are useful for identifying ‘trends’ but cannot ID specific risks. Soft System Analysis: This method assists in the identification of feelings, attitudes and perceptions of stakeholders that could trigger conflicts in projects if left unchecked, not discussed or not considered during risk/opportunity analysis. Pareto Diagram: Demonstrates frequency over time of risks occurring. Review pa ges 210-211 in the PMBOK Guide for an illustration of this diagramming method. Also see the diagram style on p.42, Kendrick text. Straw Man Analysis: A ‘what if’ scenario is developed (hypothetical, like a man built of straw) and then stakeholders discuss the potential risks which might arise in a project. Soft system analysis can also take place here: better discussed beforehand than during any risk crisis. Brainstorming: A group process, useful to ID risk/opportunity decisions about new, large, complex or non-standard activities and project scope, scheduling and aspects. This method relies on group dynamics and depends upon the experience of the participants in identifying and dealing with risks. The method is limited due to ‘group think’

Market Entry Stratagies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Market Entry Stratagies - Research Paper Example The article selected for market choice strategies denotes how in the past years China struggled and to set its entry into the international markets. The articles refer to it as zou chuqu, which means â€Å"go global†. It highlights how Chinese companies have ventured into the international market in various capacities and categories. The countries companies found a competitive edge with regards to getting business contracts, and the articles notes of the Sony and sum sang setting up a state whereby some of their subsequent products would be coming from China. Meanwhile, the article on market Expansion Strategies, highlights on the impacts of the prevailing or business environment in the foreign country. The article asserts that companies with international business experience are most likely to have less sensitivity to the discouraging effect of unpredictable policy environments with regards to investment. The two articles relate to one another by recognizing the essence of the international market as the sole center of the market growth and expansion. The article by Market Choice Strategies explains and elaborates how the Chinese have geared itself for the international market. The Chinese firms like ZTE (telecoms sections) are equally fighting for major just like companies. The article indicates that China has derived a mechanism and strategy for contesting new markets and playing to their maximum strengths. The article on Market Expansion Strategies equally highlights on regards of lenient international or foreign policies to conquer new investment destinations. The article notes that global expansion mainly in an outlined stages model has an inherent process that is well rooted in uncertainty reduction that is well undertaken through the accumulation of pertinent types of knowledge and entailed experience. Having experience in any particular country gives very vital information re garding its

HUMAN RESOURCES(MANAGEMENT) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HUMAN RESOURCES(MANAGEMENT) - Essay Example After World War II, it indicates that many governments adopt a more active role in regard to employment relations (Bamber et al. 2004 p 12). Bain and Clegg (1974) as well as Clegg (1976) state that dissimilarity in the dimensions of collective bargaining in various countries is the most important element in the shaping of union behaviour. This might represent a theory of trade union behaviour regarding collective bargaining however Clegg does not consider it a complete theory of trade unionism, because theory does not clarify the political actions of trade union. Even if the theory was comprehensive enough, it would not still not be considered as of theory of industrial relations. The dimensions of collective bargaining for Clegg are mostly affected by the structure as well as attitudes of employers' relations and management. State involvement through legislation might also be a dominant influence if it takes place at an amply early stage during the development of collective bargaining. If it was a comprehensive theory of industrial relations it would take these factors into consideration as well. Hyman (1994) supports Clegg's analysis of union behaviour, mainly due to the fact that the theory fails to describe the changes that take place in the trade union density and strike behaviour in the following years. He emphasizes on impact of factors of political-economic like global competition that is intensified, the capital and employment restructuring, as well as the fall of Keynesianism in a country. He states that, as national institutional arrangements surely assist in shaping the effect of these forces on industrial relations, he supports Shalev (1980) notion that 'the organization of industrial relations ought to still occupy no more than the position of variables that are dominant in theories which are comparative in nature. A strong theory must emphasize on political economy. However we are left with no comprehensive account of national differences. Institutions can be known as symptoms , and not as causes, with differentiation in institutions among countries being mainly manifestation of the power distribution as well as the results of conflicts among different parties when these institutions start functioning (Shalev 1998 p.248).Institutions also replicate party's collective strategic choices, as well as the choice of unions along with labour movements to follow a path which is political in nature. According to Poole (1984; 1986; 1993) the differences that are found in industrial relations institutions as well as practice in diverse countries have a strong foundation in the strategic choices of different parties to that of the employment relationship (Kochan, Katz and McKersie, 1984 p16). These parties are basically social 'actors' who form the arrangements of the institutions in which they function. The

What Is Disturbance In The Natural Environment Environmental Sciences Essay

What Is Disturbance In The Natural Environment Environmental Sciences Essay Disturbance can involve any factor which disrupts ecosystem function by altering environmental conditions (wiki). The Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis (IDH) states that in order to optimise local species diversity, ecological disturbance must occur at a moderate frequency (wiki). Disturbance can vary in severity, occur at several temporal and spatial scales and be a result of natural or anthropogenic events (www.nature). Natural disturbance (e.g. fires, floods, volcanic eruptions) often prevents populations from reaching their carrying capacity (Wiens 1984; DeAngelis Waterhouse 1987; Pickett et al. 1992 Ecol theory). Anthropogenic disturbance ,however, has a larger detrimental impact on habitat. In the past, the influence of humans on ecosystems has been limited; yet modern impacts have more recently accelerated in gravity and range (wiki). Anthropogenic disturbance can change and damage habitat, alter ecological function and increase the probability of invasive species (invasive Holzner et al. 1983; Mills et al. 1994). Invasive species can cause local species extinction as well as preventing native species from being re-established (Simberloff 1990; Vitousek 1990). Once settled, the removal of these species is often challenging, as they are less affected by competition or predation than native species (ecol theory). Anthropogenic activities can also alter natural disturbance events (e.g. flood p revention methods, control of wildfires; www.nature). The restoration of disturbance regimes may be crucial. Restoration projects should aim to instigate or accelerate recovery after a disturbance, or to re-establish natural disturbance cycles (www.nature). It is essential to determine the level of variability which is tolerated in restored systems (Duarte 1991; Li Reynolds 1994; Horne Schnieder 1995; Palmer Poff 1997; White Walker 1997) and to recognise and minimise the difference between natural and anthropogenic disturbance (wiki). Restored sites must be continually monitored and manipulated accordingly (ecol theory) so once a species has been established, the dimensions of natural disturbance regimes (size/intensity/ duration/seasonality etc) can be established (ecol theory). If this is not possible, restorationists should attempt to initiate deliberate disturbances which best replicate historical disturbances (wiki). It is also important to note that species cannot merely be reintroduced; the manner by which disturbances affect the sustainability of a restored community must also be taken into account (ecol theory). Succession Ecological succession is the progressive change in the composition and interactions of a community over time (Putnam 1994 ecol theory).   After a disturbance occurs, an ecosystem will have a fairly simple level of organisation (few dominant species)(wiki). Given time, the community will develop to be more complex (numerous interdependent species)(wiki). Restoration can occur passively or actively. Passive restoration allows succession to occur naturally, once the origin of disturbance has been eliminated (nature). Active restoration involves more human input. In mildly or moderately disturbed habitats, restorationists may try to increase the rate of natural succession. In other words, allow the community to develop in the same way as it would naturally, but assisting it to reach the final stage more quickly (ecol theory). However, in critically disturbed habitats, more concentrated efforts may be necessary and environmental conditions may need to be recreated to facilitate the processes of succession (wiki). Under these circumstances, restorationists may overlook early stages of succession in order to establish late successional species sooner (ecol theory). In some cases, underlying damage, such as soil damage, may also require restoration before the later stages of succession can begin (Whisenant 1999 ecol of rest). It has been found that succession theory is not always appropriate (Connell Slatyer 1977 ecol theory) Community patterns are often considerably unpredictable due to both disturbances and stochastic events (Fisher 1983; Levin 1989; Roughgarden 1989 ecol theory). As a result, successional theory has been deemed irrelevant in several systems (Roughgarden et al. 1987; Olafsson et al. 1994 ecol theory). Assuming it allows the prediction of community patterns, the knowledge of succession theory may be essential to restoration ecology (ecol theory). In systems with strong interactions between species and rare or highly predictable disturbances this has been found to be particularly true as community progression is principally ruled by local interactions (ecol theory). Species Interactions predation/herbivory/mutualism/competition/ Community Assembly Theory Landscape ecology The study of processes that occur across distinct landscapes and the abiotic and biotic responses to these processes is known as landscape ecology (Turner 1989 linking rest). The need for the study of landscape ecology has arisen due to anthropogenic alterations to habitats (Linking rest). Patch isolation, contiguity, size and shape (in terms of complexity) are all features which can be used to describe a landscape and these have all been found to have a large impact on both animal and plant populations (Turner Gardner 1990; Robbins Bell 1994 linking rest). According to the theory of island biogeography, populations are most likely to become extinct if a habitat is small and/or isolated from other populations. One of the assumptions of this theory states that the area between patches of habitat is both hostile and uniform. This theory assumes that the area between habitat patches (matrix) is both uniform and inhospitable. (Previous studies have suggested that the organisation of habitat types in a matrix can influence the movement of organisms and/or the role of landscapes (Gustafson Gardner 1996 linking rest).) Small and isolated habitats are also more susceptible to the detrimental effects of habitat fragmentation (nature). Habitat fragmentation occurs when a habitat becomes disconnected as a result of anthropogenic or natural events (nature). This causes the formation of small isolated patches of suitable habitat (nature). These habitats have a lower carrying capacity and have decreased species diversity and are therefore more vulnerable to inbreeding and local extinction (nature). As well as this, fragmentation increases the proportion of edge and decreases the gap between edges (nature). Edge effects may alter environmental factors, in turn affecting the flux of organisms and other substances across landscapes (Holland et al. 1991 and references within; Robinson et al. 1992). Systems are sometimes dependent on the flow of individuals between habitats. This sustains the community structure, implying that fragmentation can influence recruitment and therefore affect the resilience of commu nities (Palmer et al. 1997 linking rest). The role of restoration usually involves improving connectivity between patches by constructing or re-establishing links. This may be done with the use of corridors or stepping stones. Ecosystem Function Ecol of rest nutrient and energy fluxes are essential components of ecosystem function and stability at a range of spatial and temporal scales (Ehrenfeld Toth 1997; Aronson et al. 1998; Bedford 1999; Peterson Lipcius 2003). Ecosystem  function describes the foundational processes of natural systems, including nutrient cycles and energy fluxes. These processes are the most basic and essential components of ecosystems. An understanding of the full complexity and intricacies of these cycles is necessary to address any ecological processes that may be degraded. A functional ecosystem, that is completely self-perpetuating (i.e. no management required), is the ultimate goal of restorative efforts. Because these  ecosystem  functions are  emergent properties  of the system as a whole, monitoring and management are crucial for the long-term stability of an ecosystem.

College Admissions Essay: A Higher Understanding of Science :: College Admissions Essays

Achieving a Higher Understanding of Science    Surrounded by thousands of stars, complete silence, and spectacular mountains, I stood atop the Colorado Mountain Peak awestruck by nature's beauty. Immediately, I realized that I must dedicate my life to understanding the causes of the universe's beauty. In addition, the hike taught me several valuable lessons that will allow me to increase my understanding through scientific research.    Although the first few miles of the hike up the mountain did not offer fantastic views, the vistas became spectacular once I climbed above tree line. Immediately, I sensed that understanding the natural world parallels climbing a mountain. To reach my goal of total comprehension of natural phenomena, I realized that I must begin with knowledge that may be uninteresting by itself. However, this knowledge will form the foundation of an accurate view of the universe. Much like every step while hiking leads the hiker nearer the mountain peak, all knowledge leads the scientist nearer total understanding.    Above tree line, the barrenness and silence of the hike taught me that individuals must have their own direction. All hikers know that they must carry complete maps to reach their destinations; they do not allow others to hold their maps for them. Similarly, surrounded only by mountaintops, sky, and silence, I recognized the need to remain individually focused on my life's goal of understanding the physical universe.    At the summit, the view of the surrounding mountain range is spectacular. The panorama offers a view of hills and smaller mountains. Some people during their lives climb many small hills. However, to have the most accurate view of the world, I must be dedicated to climbing the biggest mountains I can find. Too often people simply hike across a flat valley without ascending because they content themselves with the scenery. The mountain showed me that I cannot content myself with the scenery. When night fell upon the summit, I stared at the slowly appearing stars until they completely filled the night sky. Despite the windy conditions and below freezing temperatures, I could not tear myself away from the awe-inspiring beauty of the cosmos. Similarly, despite the frustration and difficulties inherent in scientific study, I cannot retreat from my goal of universal understanding.

Archetype and Nationalism in Tolkien’s Silmarillion

ABSTRACT This thesis demonstrates the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetypes, and nationalism in one of fantasy fiction, namely Tolkien’s The Silmarillion. Fantasy fiction, with the stereotype of escapism, is less appreciated. This thesis is written in attempt to give more appreciation to fantasy fiction. Analysis to show the relationship of fantasy fiction, archetype, and nationalism is carried out by applying archetypal approach and Frye’s concept of mythos. This analysis is aimed at determining the position of the story in Frye’s mythos taxonomy and its values.The values, then, are compared with values found in English nationalistic discourse. The result of this analysis indicates that the story of The Silmarillion can be classified as tragic mythos. However, tragedy in the Silmarillion is elaborated differently from the characteristics of the mythos suggested by Frye. Tragedy of The Silmarillion is collective in its nature. The uniqueness of tragedy in T he Silmarillion is read as representation of fellowship spirit value in English nationalistic discourse.The Silmarillion also shows wisdom and historical continuity values parallel with values found English nationalistic discourse. From these values The Silmarillion shows that pastoral life with its collectivity, wisdom and tranquility as an ideal life for English people. Keywords: fantasy, archetypes, nationalism, Tolkien v ABSTRAK Tesis ini menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe, dan nasionalisme yang muncul di dalam salah satu karya sastra fantasi, yaitu The Silmarillion karya J. R. R . Tolkien.Fiksi fantasi, dengan stereotip sebagai fiksi yang dianggap hanya memberikan tempat untuk melarikan diri dari kenyataan dan fiksi yang lepas dari nilai-nilai realitas, kurang mendapat apresiasi yang cukup. Untuk memberikan apresiasi terhadap fiksi fantasilah tesis ini ditulis. Analisis untuk menunjukkan keterkaitan fiksi fantasi, arketipe dan nilainilai nasionalisme pertama-tama d ilakukan dengan melakukan analisis plot cerita dengan menggunakan pendekatan arketipe dan teori mythos Northrop Frye. Analisis plot ini dilakukan untuk menentukan posisi cerita di dalam taksonomi mythos Frye dan nilai-nilai yang dikandungnya.Nilai-nilai ini kemudian akan dibandingkan dengan nilai-nilai yang ada dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris (England). Dari analisis yang dilakukan terlihat bahwa cerita The Silmarillion tergolong dalam mythos tragedi. Namun, sifat tragedi dalam The Silmarillion berbeda dari ciri mythos tragedi Frye yang terkonsentrasi pada satu individu. Tragedi dalam The Silmarillion bersifat kolektif. Keunikan tragedi di dalam The Silmarillion ini dianggap mewakili nilai kebersamaan yang juga merupakan salah satu nilai keinggrisan dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris.The Silmarillion juga menunjukkan nilai-nilai kebijaksanaan dan keberlanjutan sejarah yang di dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris dianggap merupakan nilai-nilai yang khas Inggris. Dari nilai-nilai dalam The Silmarillion yang paralel dengan nilai-nilai dalam wacana nasionalisme Inggris tergambar bahwa kehidupan ideal Inggris adalah kehidupan pedesaan yang penuh kebersamaan, kebijaksanaan, ketenangan dan memiliki keberlanjutan sejarah. Kata kunci: fantasi, arketipe, nasionalisme, Tolkien vi

Economics Simulation Essays

Economics Simulation Essays Economics Simulation Paper Economics Simulation Paper In today’s work world it is makeup of diverse individuals which strives towards a successful outcome. However, working for a small or large company, individuals are looking forward to meeting the needs of the organization. In order to meet the needs of the organization, employees are to be in rivalry with hourly and salary wages. In additions to the hourly and salary wages, individuals are often attracted by organization benefits which usually consist of employee searching for discounts in 401k retirement plans and cheaper life insurance. The attractions to employees are health care insurance benefits, which usually includes comprehensive medical, dental and vision plans for individuals and their family members. Therefore, health care is considered a goods and service which has a high demand in the economics refer to consumers making rational choices to maximize utility, the intentions of this paper is to clarify the beneficial health care plans offered to Castor Collins Health as a group resulting from the Simulation review. In this selections which are chosen will clarify the Maximized profits and minimized risks from the reasons for choosing certain planning. Organizations are requiring health care benefits which are important to employees. It is beneficial to both employers and employees if any accidents, injury, burglary, or fire. It maintains the employee status for the organization. Economics play an immense role in selecting the correct health care plans which the organization ensure the plans offered accommodate their needs, meeting the standard which is requirements, and are cost-efficient. Corporate owners recognize the importance of developing a plan with the health care insurance provider which can maximize profits and minimize risks for the organization. The HMO’s is known as Health Maintenance Organizations, which preferred as a health plan used by different organizations. Castor Collins Health has chosen a representative for the company, to address the status which was selection against the other. In, 1999 Castor Collins was founded as a health plan as a regional HMO in the state of Pantome. The health insurance and health care services which are provided to over 100, 000 enrollees through its statewide network which consists of physicians and hospitals, which utilizes a capitation model to pay its network of health care providers. The company is not satisfied with the current number of enrollees and is looking to increase its numbers significantly. The Vice President and Strategy and Financial Planner at Castor Collins, goals are to come up with some type of beneficial health insurance plan to meet the growing needs of the organization. The organization was approached by two groups of individuals which providing health insurance. However, between the groups there are a difference in employees by 600 people and a maximum premium willing to pay by five hundred dollars. Both groups do not have employer insurance; however, they both must pay for their own insurance. â€Å"The group ConstructIt consists of 550 men and 450 women between the ages of 26 through 42 years. About 60 percent of the group is married† (University of Phoenix, 2013); therefore, the spouse and children of the employees must be considered when making a decision. â€Å"Thirty two percent of the individuals at ConstructIt have a work profile which consist of great physical activity, twenty five percent consist of moderate physical activity, and the remaining forty three percent is highly involved in sedentary activities† (University of Phoenix, 2013). Because the health care market is complex due to uncertainty on the supply and demand side, moral hazard, and adverse selection, the process of decision making for selecting proper health plans are more complex. The plans offered to Castor Collins Health are significant; however, only one can be chosen. Option one, Castor Standard does not cover pre-existing and option two, Castor Enhanced does cover pre-existing medical conditions. Castor Enhanced Minor is a third option which is customized. Therefore, about 38% of the employees are not a major risk for the organization. However, 18% of the employees smoke cigarettes and 13% suffer from respiratory illness. Although, obesity is a risk factor for the organization which about 39% of the employees suffer from obesity and are considered a risk for other illnesses which is connection to obesity. The simulation shows ConstructIt to have less medical issues with their employees than E-Editor as a low rationale for pre-existing conditions; however, the Castor Standard plan appears to be beneficial since it does not cover pre-existing medical conditions for the organizations. Order to charges the premium the Annual Earnings is $3428 for ConstructIt, which is much less than E-Editors. This risk is lower for providing this plan and unfortunately the returns are as well. It seemed to be a better option for the employees. Therefore, no plans were selected for the other group because the rates would have been immerses higher because the employees had more issues and conditions. The premiums would have been immerses higher and they would be more reluctant to pay them. Therefore, in the health care industry it is very demanding; however, it is often difficult to meet the needs of each individual when providing benefits in the workplace. Healthy employees bring success to the workplace. If employees can maintain their health on the job, it would be sufficient to provide beneficial insurance packages to each individual and their family members. This simulation helped to enhance the decision making process for a enormous company by determining which insurance plans were appropriate based on the needs of the organization and its employees.

Campaign Finance Reform Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers

Campaign Finance Reform Essays - Free Essays, Term Papers Campaign Finance Reform CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM The campaign finance system is corrupted. Spending is out of control, and there are various loopholes in federal campaign finance law. Money buys access and influence, which effectively causes the majority of Americans to have no real capacity to influence public policy. State and federal legislation is needed to fight corruption and unjust influence, to ensure the publics right to know where a candidates money comes from, to enable all candidates to compete equitably in elections, and to allow maximum citizen participation in the political process. Rock the Vote believes that the McCain-Feingold Campaign Finance Reform Bill, in its current state, should be the first piece of legislation signed into law in 2001. Bolder approaches could include: reducing the duration of political campaigns; requiring television and radio stations to air campaign advertising free of charge as a condition for maintaining their broadcast licenses; barring campaign advertising from the airwaves altogether; or placing strict limits on the amounts of money that can be spent by candidates and any and all of their supporters. Rock the Vote supports passing comprehensive legislation for meaningful campaign finance reform. The Mccain-Feingold bill proposes to end the soft money system by prohibiting candidates and national political parties from raising soft money. Soft money is a financial contribution intended to be used for issues advertising that dies not advocate on behalf of, or against, a specific candidate. Political parties currently use the legality of soft-money donations as a loophole in current campaign finance law, finding ways to channel this money into candidates' campaigns. The McCain-Feingold bill prohibits state political parties from spending soft money on activities which affect federal elections, The Current practice of raising unlimited soft money contributions from contributions, unions and wealthy individuals, and then channeling this money into federal elections, would end. The national parties would be required to raise all of their funds under the limits and restrictions in the law. Rock the vote advocates the signing the McCain-Feingold bill into law. Caps must be placed on campaign finance spending. Eliminating the soft-money loophole is one way to monitor, and hopefully restrict, the influence of corporate interest on candidates.

Policy advice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Policy advice - Research Paper Example East Asia countries and other western countries had established a course towards progressive development, amongst them Japan, Italy, West Germany and France (Zakaria 49). It should be noted that after the fall of the Bretton Woods system in 1970s, occasioned by the growing international trade, the stock market crash of 1973-1974 and monetary economics, countries that emerged later focused on strong economic policies. The rise of BRICs especially China was therefore a progressive and steady economic growth having learnt from the various depressions. It appears that such economies thrived on protective policies. The US may consider analyzing such foreign policies to unravel their contributions to economic growth and see whether they may be applicable for the US case (Masters 1). Emerging economies such as China, Russia, and India have established competitive economic policies. India has a steadily rising economy, which is poised to be very competitive in the next decade. China’s economic rise in the global market has boomed in what appears to be a plan that was awaiting implementation. China is has practically overtaken the US and other western countries on the African continent and other areas. It has steadily rising middle class. The US should not sit back and watch or accept that global economics have changed, but conduct an assessment aimed at reclaiming her position on global economic front. It may take time to recover but it will certainly reverse the US economic trend (Zakaria 98). In the meantime, the US should formulate policies aimed at short-term recovery of micro-economy of the small states as leader negotiates a fair global competition for goods and patent rights of all countries. Should countries realize real global integration, it would still be wise to formulate acceptable rules of economic engagement for equitable benefit to enable all countries realize benefits of economic integration. The US may consider treating developing countries as

Learning and Development of New Employees Assignment

Learning and Development of New Employees - Assignment Example An effective indicator of how much training has helped the learning process is to analyze the performance of each group within the company before and after the training period. The assessment of learning need refers to two related and sequential activities. The first need is the identification of the learning need, and secondly, it is the analysis of the learning need. The identification and analysis of the learning need to enhance the ability and performance of an individual in the team. The crux of the matter is the correct identification and analysis. In the absence of these, it is not possible to see the desired results in the employees. The needs assessment phase of a learning and development project serves a diagnostic purpose and the needs assessment phase must be done properly as it is the basis for much subsequent learning and development. If this is not done, the training cannot be properly directed and inadequately focused and the consequences may be that learners may not acquire appropriate knowledge or skill, scarce and valuable resources may be wasted, the credibility of the learning and development function may suffer, and the learning and development program will not contribute to meeting the organization's strategic objectives. Although concerned with conceptual issues, there are practical issues also since it is the assessment of needs using valid and reliable tools which is of direct concern to the learning and development practitioner on a day-to-day basis. This model must pursue a clear, balanced approach to concepts and practice. One without the other will only render the model ineffective and hypocritical. The overarching purposes of needs assessment and learning and development planning are to ensure that learning and development interventions address priority learning needs that can enable individuals, departments or organizations to meet their goals and commitments, and are aligned between the individual's goals and commitments (Training 4 Business). On the Job Needs Assessment On the job needs assessment is to identify the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are likely to be required by a job holder. These are hierarchical task analysis, cognitive task analysis, and critical incident technique. These analysis and technique provide the trainee with a better understanding of the organization, better knowledge of the product, and ensures that the trainee is imparted necessary skills to raise performance levels.

Critical Thinking - Academically Adrift Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking - Academically Adrift - Essay Example Students must be critical. Critical thinking is about questioning the conventional system of doing things especially when it is dysfunctional. Students must concentrate on solution finding academic procedures that are born through innovation (Padget, 2012). Critical thinking leads to increased concentration and outright improvement. Educators are duty bound to provoke students to be solution oriented. Students must look at innovation as the only way of survival (Sullivan, & Rosin, 2008). Methods of learning should be modeled to allow flexibility and educational engagement that is firmly committed to purposeful living as opposed to presentation of credentials. Lack of rigor has been cited as a major reason for declining educational standards. Many graduates are said to be living below the poverty line. The syllabuses have to be criticized. Students must take units that encourage them to be part of the solutions. The education system should be both preparatory and solution based. The intensity of successful education model should be in bent on answering the present day challenges (Sullivan, & Rosin, 2008). The culture of socially responsible education system must be entrenched in the future education systems. Units that enhance creativity and social engagement with an aim to get solutions must be given preference. This calls for funded research and innovation centers. The syllabuses should be regularly reviewed to counter the emerging challenges with cheap and sustainable

Ernest Hemingway Legend Essay Example for Free

Ernest Hemingway Legend Essay Ernest Hemingway is the ideal of an American legend, rugged, no-nonsense, with personal adventures rivaled only by those in his groundbreaking fiction.   His sparse newspaper style created a literary furor and his success came early and grew until the day he died.   In addition to his canonical novels, Hemingway was also adept at short fiction, including one only six-words long.   Besides, his male bravado, he also managed to capture the alienating effects of modern life in his fiction.   The modern themes of abortion, feminism, and alienation are expressed simply and eloquently in â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants. † In the short story â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† Hemingway explores modern alienation in a tense discussion between a couple waiting for a train.   Two Americans in Spain, the man is trying to pressure the woman into some operation, though it is never revealed what this operation is.   Throughout the tense, yet sparse conversation, the man insists she have the operation, yet the woman resists.   It becomes increasingly clear that the operation they discuss may be an abortion, and the tension between the two symbolizes something uniquely modern.   Though abortions have been performed for centuries, it remained taboo until the twentieth century. Hemingway, though never specifically citing abortion as the subject in the story, displays the alienating effect it has on relationships and couples:   â€Å"‘It’s really an awfully simple operation, Jig,’ the man said. ‘It’s not really an operation at all.’   The girl looked at the ground the table legs rested on. ‘I know you wouldnt mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in’† (Hemingway).   The man refuses to completely acknowledge the significance of the situation, perhaps suggesting either his refusal or dismissal of Jig’s role as a woman worthy of making her own decision. According to critic Paul Lankin, â€Å"as the man persists in opposing the continuance of Jig’s maternity, he grossly oversimplifies the issue, even to the point of self-contradiction, calling abortion first ‘an awfully simple operation’ and then ‘not really an operation at all’† (234).   His dismissive attitude speaks of a former socially acceptable condescension by men towards women during a time when women were often treated as second class citizens.   This frank discussion between the man and the woman seems only possible in modern literature and seems unimaginable during Victorian times. The tension between the man and the girl is palpable in the short story.   Though they are travelers, imbibing alcohol and waiting for the train to their next destination, the conversation is filled with underlying themes of male dominance and female perseverance.   The man continuously belittles the girl’s feelings towards the pregnancy, and his argument includes many attempts at downplaying the importance.   The man persistently tries to convince her, even though he seems to feign sincerity in much of his words: â€Å"‘Well,’ the man said, ‘if you don’t want to you don’t have to.   I wouldn’t have you do it if you didn’t want to.   But I know it’s perfectly simple’† (Hemingway).    The girl does her best to contend with the man, believing that if she listens to him the relationship will be back to normal.   She hides her worry with levity, including her comment about the hills looking like white elephants.   It becomes apparent that more than fear over the procedure, the girl is coming to the realization that her relationship with the man is not what she thought it was: â€Å"the girl clings to a dream of family and togetherness until the last minute, and finally decides to give it all up as the requisite price of staying with the man-not knowing, as the reader does, from the many hints provided by Hemingway, that the man is likely to leave her, even if she goes through with the abortion† (Hashmi 3). Her final declaration that she is fine is the affirmation that a man cannot dictate her womanhood and her life decisions.   In the end, she becomes the one with the strength and wisdom, understanding that the relationship is forever changed.   The newfound disconnect between the man and the girl will be permanent after this episode, exemplifying the theme of alienation brought by many modern decisions. Though the man believes that the only way to preserve the comfortable relationship is to maintain the status quo, even if it means aborting their baby, the woman disagrees.   The American tries to make himself sound perfectly reasonable and rational, but as the dialogue continues, it becomes clear that he is both selfish and hypocritical (â€Å"Overview: Hills Like White Elephants†). The couple’s disagreement, about something as monumental as creating human life, is a clear sign that they have little that bonds them other than their superficiality.   The girl even comments in the beginning of the story how, â€Å"That’s all we do, isnt it look at things and try new drinks?’† The man responds, â€Å"I guess so† (Hemingway).   Later, when the man claims that everything will be the same after the abortion and the baby is the only thing that made them unhappy, it seems like a statement lacking all truth. The very fact that keeping or aborting a baby is a choice, is a uniquely modern issue.   The reality of having to even consider it completely destroys their carefree lifestyle as travelers in Europe, and underlines their existences as solitary beings alienated from each other.   Ironically, the man claims that he only wants her and no one else, but his statements seem insincere. The girl realizes their alienation from each other and the happiness they once knew with the â€Å"claim that Europe ‘isn’t ours anymore,’ which expresses her knowledge that such an innocent return to a secularized American-in-Europe experience of time is impossible† (Grant 3).   Europe is not theirs to share, seemingly as if enjoyment is also no longer theirs to share.   The complexity of their modern dilemma illustrates the true distance between them. Hemingway’s story is one that could only be written during modern times.   Though not many years removed from the Victorian Age, the themes of abortion, feminine independence, and modern alienation have continued to echo throughout the literature of modernity.   While short and devoid of lengthy descriptions, the dialogue and significant themes give â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants† a lasting power that only continues to grow as time goes by. Works Cited: Grant, David. â€Å"Hemingways ‘Hills Like White Elephants’ and the tradition of the American in Europe.† Studies in Short Fiction. Summer, 1998. 25 July 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2455/is_3_35/ai_83585388/pg_3. Hashmi, Nilofer. â€Å"‘Hills Like White Elephants’: The Jilting Of Jig.† The Hemingway Review.   Fall 2003. 25 July 2008. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3786/is_200310/ai_n9334110/pg_3. Hemingway, Ernest. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† The Heath Anthology of American Literature.   Lauter, Paul.   3rd Ed.   Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants.† Short Stories for Students, Vol. 6. The Gale Group, 1999. Lankin, Paul. â€Å"Hemingway’s Hills Like White Elephants.† The Explicator. Summer 2005; v63.

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu

Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978. Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Essay -- Shyam Selvadu Patriarchy in Shyam Selvadurai’s Pigs Can’t Fly Woman is not born: she is made. She becomes the symbol of this and that: mother of the earth, slut of the universe and in the making, her humanity is destroyed. ~Andrea Dworkin Patriarchy is a universal system in which women are dominated. Women, in continents as diverse as Iran and China, have been subjugated through social measures such as female circumcision and bound feet. Yet as Andrea Dworkin so neatly stated, subjugation often takes more devious forms, through the stereotyping of gender roles, attempts to â€Å"fix† women by stereotyping them as spineless â€Å"natural homemakers† or monstrous hideous figures and thereby justifying patriarchy as through stereotyping men as having more initiative and intelligence. This devious method of subjugating women is similarly reproduced in Shyam Selvandurai’s â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly†. Although it is ostensibly about a boy’s childhood, I believe that it reinforces patriarchy through the skilful use of characterization, filters, narrators and setting. Before explicating my argument, I would like to clarify a few key terms I have borrowed mostly from Seymour Chatman in analyzing the story. The only exception, characterization, is E.M. Forster’s concept of round and flat characters where flat characters are predictable because they are dominated by a single trait unlike round characters with multiple, sometimes conflicting traits dominating their personality. Filter, here, is used to denote what is commonly known as a character’s point of view. Narrator-characters are characters that function as characters and narrators or otherwise known as first person narrators. It is fascinating to note that the narrator and filter through whom the story u... ...chal constructions of â€Å"correct† female and male behaviour by appealing to natural laws (â€Å"Because the sky is so high and pigs can’t fly†). Arjie’s unhappiness, however, shows implicit criticism of patriarchy as it cannot satisfy him. It is therefore evident that â€Å"Pigs Can’t Fly† is not a simple story about a child’s growing up process. Its adept use of various elements of discourse pushes it beyond a simple narrative into the realm of a mature narrative whose ambiguous meanings (over its support for patriarchy) mirrors a world of uncertainty with no absolutes governing. The story’s refusal to pigeonhole itself is for me, a source of beauty and complexity. Works Cited Selvadurai, Shyam. "Pigs Can't Fly." Funny Boy. New York: Vintage, 1995: 1-40. Chatman, Seymour. Story and Discourse: Narrative Structure in Fiction and Film. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell UP, 1978.

The Killing Floor :: Essays Papers

The Killing Floor Frank Custer leaves his young family in rural Mississippi in pursuit of industrial employment in the northern â€Å"Promised Land† of Chicago, Illinois. Little did he know about the true extent of the journey he was about to embark on. Initially a move to secure work and improve upon the conditions which surrounded him and his family; Frank was about to change more in his life then just his economical status. Immediately upon arriving in the bustling city, Frank and his close friend Thomas gravitate towards other working class African-Americans with similar backgrounds. Unable to read or write, the two men enlist the aide of their local YMCA in finding jobs at a local meat packing plant. Frank’s first encounters at the packinghouse set the tone for what is to entail. Racial tensions combined with aggressions concerning class associated positions boil just barely beneath the surface on the â€Å"killing floor.† Conditions at the meatpacking plant are considerably less then favorable. The hours are long, the work is backbreaking, and the position in which he works does not pay very well. However, Frank’s compensation for these conditions are his relationships with the other men whom he lives near and works around. Spending his evenings playing cards and talking with the men introduces Frank to more then just a little relaxation; issues about politics, race relations, and especially the â€Å"white man’s union† dominate the colorful conversations. During this time I’m amazed at how Frank refuses to let himself get dragged into blindly believing the popular opinions in which his peers hold. He lives an honest life and pursues in finding the whole story beneath the surface of the current topics. Frank consistently demonstrates that he will not settle with â€Å"keeping his place† as is expected of him. It appears as if the people he encounters from day to day are trying to keep segregation and the â€Å"Old South† alive. His peers along with members of the community are dissatisfied with the decisions and alliances with which Frank is making. They feel that the strides he is taking to improve himself i.e., saving money and purchasing a butcher knife, exhibiting real enthusiasm in learning the tricks of new trades, and joining the â€Å"white man’s union†, are unnecessary and a blatant demonstration of selling out to the white community.

“Catcher In the Rye” by J.D. Salinger Essay

In the novel The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield is troubled and needs the help of someone close to him to stop his downward spiral. His troubles cloud his mind and make it difficult for him to succeed in school, and to operate in the real world. Many try to give him advice to make him realize the errors he is making so he can correct them before there are serious effects. His sister, Phoebe, really offers the contrast to Holden and his immaturity and unrealistic beliefs. She tries giving him the advice that would end the freefall he is in. Phoebes advice is the only possible solution to help Holden, and his acceptance or denial will ultimately decide his future, whether he knows it or not. Phoebe is more mature than Holden, and she is six years younger than him. She understands that, despite what Holden thinks, growing up is necessary and inevitable. Holden has Peter Pan mentality, in that he doesnt want to grow up because he feels that adulthood corrupts the innocent minds of children. Phoebe tells Holden that he is just being ignorant and unrealistic, and that he has to grow up. She gets angry with him and tells him that he is too negative and that he doesnt like anything. She tells him to say one thing he liked, and the only thing he can think of is Allie, and Phoebe reminds him that he is dead. Phoebe makes Holden realize that his negative, immature, and pessimistic views have caused him to hold on to only the memory of his brother and caused him to shut out everything else. Holden wishes to stay young so that he can feel closer to his brother. Holden has realized how he has been secluding himself, rather than accepting others because of Phoebes advice to grow up, but he doesnt accept the advice. Phoebe continues to pepper him with questions to help pull him out of his state of constant negativity, but he continually answers her by beating around the bush so he can avoid dealing with his problems. He knows deep down Phoebe is right because he is seriously trying to think of something he likes, but he cant. He knows that his sister is trying to help, but he doesnt want it because he is still clinging to the hope that he can stay young and help others stay children forever. His insecurities, exposed by Phoebe, lead him to shut himself out from Phoebe as well and now he is just about unapproachable by any that want to help himPhoebe tries to help  Holden by telling him what he has done, and he denies the advice and help because he knows she is right. Holden wants her to be wrong, but he knows she is right. If Holden had just accepts the help, he would avoid the ultimate depression he falls into. Phoebes assessment of Holden was right on, but it doesnt make a difference, despite the truth in it. Holden had created such a negative perspective of adulthood and such a grand perspective of childhood, which he doesnt want to let go of. Phoebe knew what needed to be said, and she said it, but Holden wouldnt listen, and his ignorance led to his downfall at the end of the story. Holden had the chance to be stopped from plummeting to a miserable place, but he ignores the opportunities. Many people give him good advice, especially his sister, and he rejects it. His refusal to be saved from himself and his views causes him to end up in a mental institute. In the end, it was Holdens childish mentality, which he clings to so dearly, that causes him to miss several chances to be rescued. Bibliography:Catcher in The Rye(No Sources other than the book used)